Efectos de la adición de probiótico Saccharomyces cerevisiae sobre histomorfología intestinal en pollos de engorde / Effects of addition of probiotic Saccharomyces cerevisiae on intestinal histomorphology in broilers

RESUMEN Este trabajo describe los efectos del probiótico Saccharomyces cerevisiae sobre el área, número de criptas de Lieberkühn en duodeno y yeyuno, y producción de moco en ambas secciones intestinales de pollos de engorde. Fueron empleados los tejidos de un total de 27 individuos clasificados en un grupo control GC (n=12) y un grupo suplementado con probióticos GP (n=15). Los resultados revelaron que los grupos suplementados con el S. cerevisiae presentaron una mayor amplitud del área de las criptas en duodeno (p= 0,0119) y yeyuno (p= 0,0355), menor número de criptas por milímetro en duodeno (p= 0,0420) y mayor producción de moco en duodeno respecto al grupo control (p= 0,0185), mientras que en yeyuno no se observaron diferencias significativas. Se concluyó que el uso de Saccharomyces cerevisiae aumentó el tamaño del área de las criptas en ambas secciones intestinales y aumentó la producción de moco en duodeno; lo cual, al aumentar la superficie de absorción intestinal, seguramente podría resultar en mejoras de los parámetros productivos.

ABSTRACT This work describes the effects of the probiotic Saccharomyces cerevisiae on the area, number of Lieberkühn crypts in the duodenum and jejunum, and mucus production in both intestinal sections. Tissues from a total of 27 individuals were used, classified in control group - GC (n = 12) and group supplemented with probiotics - GP (n = 15). The results revealed that the group supplemented with S. cerevisiae presented a greater area of the crypts in the duodenum (p = 0.0119) and jejunum (p = 0.0355), less number of crypts per millimeter in the duodenum (p = 0.0420) and higher mucus production in the duodenum compared to the control group (p = 0.0185), while in the jejunum no significant differences were observed. It was concluded that the use of Saccharomyces cerevisiae increased the size of the crypt area in both intestinal sections and increased mucus production in the duodenum; which by increasing the intestinal absorption surface could surely result in improvements in the productive parameters.

Physical characterization of a watershed through GIS: a study in the Schmidt stream, Brazil.

Remote sensing and geoprocessing are essential tools for obtaining and maintaining records of human actions on space over the course of time; these tools offer the basis for diagnoses of land use, environmental interference and local development. The Schmidt stream watershed, located in the Sinos River basin, in southern Brazil, has an environmental situation similar to that of the majority of small streams draining rural and urban areas in southern Brazil: agricultural and urbanization practices do not recognize the riparian area and there is removal of original vegetation, disregarding the suitability of land use; removal of wetlands; intensive water use for various activities; and lack of control and monitoring in the discharge of wastewater, among other factors, deteriorate the quality of this important environment.This article aims to achieve a physical characterization of the Schmidt stream watershed (Sinos river basin) identifying elements such as land use and occupation, soil science, geology, climatology, extent and location of watershed, among others, so as to serve as the basis for a tool that helps in the integrated environmental management of watersheds. By applying geographic information system - GIS to the process of obtaining maps of land use and occupation, pedologicaland geological, and using climatological data from the Campo Bom meteorological station, field visit, review of literature and journals, and publicly available data, the physical characterization of the Schmidt stream watershed was performed, with a view to the integrated environmental management of this watershed. Out of the total area of the Schmidt stream watershed (23.92 km(2)), in terms of geology, it was observed that 23.7% consist of colluvial deposits, 22.6% consist of grass facies, and 53.7% consist of Botucatu formation. Major soil types of the watershed: 97.4% Argisols and only 2.6% Planosols. Land use and occupation is characterized by wetland (0.5%), Native Forest (12.83%), Native Forest + Rural Anthropic + Secondary Vegetation + Forestry (43.81%), Urban Anthropic/Urban Area (39.85%), and also Urban Anthropic/Expansion areas (3.01%). Mean annual rainfall is 1337 mm, maximum temperatures range from 10.5°C to 41.6°C and minimum temperatures range from -1.80°C and 26°C, weak winds, occasionally over 5 m/s. Conducting an environmental assessment in this watershed is essential for environmental and land management. However, these assessments are not conducted in all watersheds and, when they are, their frequency is not sufficiency to allow for continuous monitoring, in order to model and predict scenarios, with a view to adopt medium and long-term measures for environmental protection.

Physical characterization of a watershed through GIS: a study in the Schmidt stream, Brazil / Caracterização física de microbacia hidrográfica através de SIG como ferramenta de apoio a gestão: um estudo no Arroio Schmidt – RS

Remote sensing and geoprocessing are essential tools for obtaining and maintaining records of human actions on space over the course of time; these tools offer the basis for diagnoses of land use, environmental interference and local development. The Schmidt stream watershed, located in the Sinos River basin, in southern Brazil, has an environmental situation similar to that of the majority of small streams draining rural and urban areas in southern Brazil: agricultural and urbanization practices do not recognize the riparian area and there is removal of original vegetation, disregarding the suitability of land use; removal of wetlands; intensive water use for various activities; and lack of control and monitoring in the discharge of wastewater, among other factors, deteriorate the quality of this important environment.This article aims to achieve a physical characterization of the Schmidt stream watershed (Sinos river basin) identifying elements such as land use and occupation, soil science, geology, climatology, extent and location of watershed, among others, so as to serve as the basis for a tool that helps in the integrated environmental management of watersheds. By applying geographic information system - GIS to the process of obtaining maps of land use and occupation, pedologicaland geological, and using climatological data from the Campo Bom meteorological station, field visit, review of literature and journals, and publicly available data, the physical characterization of the Schmidt stream watershed was performed, with a view to the integrated environmental management of this watershed. Out of the total area of the Schmidt stream watershed (23.92 km2), in terms of geology, it was observed that 23.7% consist of colluvial deposits, 22.6% consist of grass facies, and 53.7% consist of Botucatu formation. Major soil types of the watershed: 97.4% Argisols and only 2.6% Planosols. Land use and occupation is characterized by wetland (0.5%), Native Forest (12.83%), Native Forest + Rural Anthropic + Secondary Vegetation + Forestry (43.81%), Urban Anthropic/Urban Area (39.85%), and also Urban Anthropic/Expansion areas (3.01%). Mean annual rainfall is 1337 mm, maximum temperatures range from 10.5°C to 41.6°C and minimum temperatures range from –1.80°C and 26°C, weak winds, occasionally over 5 m/s. Conducting an environmental assessment in this watershed is essential for environmental and land management. However, these assessments are not conducted in all watersheds and, when they are, their frequency is not sufficiency to allow for continuous monitoring, in order to model and predict scenarios, with a view to adopt medium and long-term measures for environmental protection.

Resumo O sensoriamento remoto e geoprocessamento de imagens se constituem em ferramentas fundamentais para a obtenção e manutenção de registros das ações humanas no espaço ao longo do tempo subsidiando diagnósticos no uso do solo, na interferência ambiental e no desenvolvimento local. A microbacia do Arroio Schmidt, localizada na bacia do Rio dos Sinos, no Rio Grande do Sul, apresenta situação ambiental semelhante a da maioria dos pequenos cursos d'agua que drenam áreas rurais e urbanas no sul do Brasil: práticas agrícolas e urbanização que não reconhecem a área ciliar com a remoção da cobertura vegetal original desrespeitando a aptidão do uso dos solos, remoção de áreas úmidas, uso intenso da água para diversas atividades e falta de controle e monitoramento no lançamento de efluentes entre outros, deterioram a qualidade deste importante ambiente. O objetivo deste trabalho é a caracterização física da Microbacia do Arroio Schmidt (Bacia do Rio dos Sinos) identificando elementos como uso e ocupação do solo, pedologia, geologia, climatologia, extensão e localização da Microbacia entre outros, a fim de instrumentalizar uma ferramenta auxiliar de gestão ambiental integrada de bacias hidrográficas. Através da aplicação do geoprocessamento no processo de obtenção dos mapas de uso e ocupação do solo, pedológico e geológico e uso de dados climatológicos da estação climatológica de Campo Bom-RS, visita a campo, revisão bibliográfica e de periódicos, dados públicos disponíveis, foi realizada a caracterização física da microbacia hidrográfica do Arroio Schmidt, visando a gestão ambiental integrada desta microbacia. Da área total da microbacia hidrográfica do Arroio Schmidt (23,92 km2) observou-se quanto à geologia que 23,7% são Colúvios, Fácies Gramado 22,6% e Formação Botucatu 53,7%. Principais tipos de solos da microbacia: Argissolos 97,4% e os Planossolos que ocupam apenas 2,6%. O uso e ocupação do solo é caracterizado por área úmida (0,5%), Mata Nativa (12,83%), Mata Nativa + Antrópico Rural + Vegetação Secundária + Silvicultura (43,81%), Antrópico Urbano/Área Urbana (39,85%) e ainda Antrópico Urbano/Áreas de expansão (3,01%). Precipitação média anual de 1337 mm, temperaturas máximas entre 10,5°C e 41,6°C e as mínimas entre –1,8°C e 26°C, Ventos fracos, eventualmente passam de 5 m/s. A realização da avaliação ambiental nesta microbacia é fundamental na gestão ambiental e territorial. No entanto, estas avaliações não ocorrem em todas as microbacias e, quando ocorrem, não apresentam a frequência adequada para permitir o monitoramento contínuo a fim de modelar e prever cenários objetivando a adoção de medidas de médio e longo prazo para a proteção ambiental.

Physical characterization of a watershed through GIS: a study in the Schmidt stream, Brazil

Remote sensing and geoprocessing are essential tools for obtaining and maintaining records of human actions on space over the course of time; these tools offer the basis for diagnoses of land use, environmental interference and local development. The Schmidt stream watershed, located in the Sinos River basin, in southern Brazil, has an environmental situation similar to that of the majority of small streams draining rural and urban areas in southern Brazil: agricultural and urbanization practices do not recognize the riparian area and there is removal of original vegetation, disregarding the suitability of land use; removal of wetlands; intensive water use for various activities; and lack of control and monitoring in the discharge of wastewater, among other factors, deteriorate the quality of this important environment.This article aims to achieve a physical characterization of the Schmidt stream watershed (Sinos river basin) identifying elements such as land use and occupation, soil science, geology, climatology, extent and location of watershed, among others, so as to serve as the basis for a tool that helps in the integrated environmental management of watersheds. By applying geographic information system - GIS to the process of obtaining maps of land use and occupation, pedologicaland geological, and using climatological data from the Campo Bom meteorological station, field visit, review of literature and journals, and publicly available data, the physical characterization of the Schmidt stream watershed was performed, with a view to the integrated environmental management of this watershed. Out of the total area of the Schmidt stream watershed (23.92 km2), in terms of geology, it was observed that 23.7% consist of colluvial deposits, 22.6% consist of grass facies, and 53.7% consist of Botucatu formation. Major soil types of the watershed: 97.4% Argisols and only 2.6% Planosols. Land use and occupation is characterized by wetland (0.5%), Native Forest (12.83%), Native Forest + Rural Anthropic + Secondary Vegetation + Forestry (43.81%), Urban Anthropic/Urban Area (39.85%), and also Urban Anthropic/Expansion areas (3.01%). Mean annual rainfall is 1337 mm, maximum temperatures range from 10.5°C to 41.6°C and minimum temperatures range from 1.80°C and 26°C, weak winds, occasionally over 5 m/s. Conducting an environmental assessment in this watershed is essential for environmental and land management. However, these assessments are not conducted in all watersheds and, when they are, their frequency is not sufficiency to allow for continuous monitoring, in order to model and predict scenarios, with a view to adopt medium and long-term measures for environmental protection.

Resumo O sensoriamento remoto e geoprocessamento de imagens se constituem em ferramentas fundamentais para a obtenção e manutenção de registros das ações humanas no espaço ao longo do tempo subsidiando diagnósticos no uso do solo, na interferência ambiental e no desenvolvimento local. A microbacia do Arroio Schmidt, localizada na bacia do Rio dos Sinos, no Rio Grande do Sul, apresenta situação ambiental semelhante a da maioria dos pequenos cursos d'agua que drenam áreas rurais e urbanas no sul do Brasil: práticas agrícolas e urbanização que não reconhecem a área ciliar com a remoção da cobertura vegetal original desrespeitando a aptidão do uso dos solos, remoção de áreas úmidas, uso intenso da água para diversas atividades e falta de controle e monitoramento no lançamento de efluentes entre outros, deterioram a qualidade deste importante ambiente. O objetivo deste trabalho é a caracterização física da Microbacia do Arroio Schmidt (Bacia do Rio dos Sinos) identificando elementos como uso e ocupação do solo, pedologia, geologia, climatologia, extensão e localização da Microbacia entre outros, a fim de instrumentalizar uma ferramenta auxiliar de gestão ambiental integrada de bacias hidrográficas. Através da aplicação do geoprocessamento no processo de obtenção dos mapas de uso e ocupação do solo, pedológico e geológico e uso de dados climatológicos da estação climatológica de Campo Bom-RS, visita a campo, revisão bibliográfica e de periódicos, dados públicos disponíveis, foi realizada a caracterização física da microbacia hidrográfica do Arroio Schmidt, visando a gestão ambiental integrada desta microbacia. Da área total da microbacia hidrográfica do Arroio Schmidt (23,92 km2) observou-se quanto à geologia que 23,7% são Colúvios, Fácies Gramado 22,6% e Formação Botucatu 53,7%. Principais tipos de solos da microbacia: Argissolos 97,4% e os Planossolos que ocupam apenas 2,6%. O uso e ocupação do solo é caracterizado por área úmida (0,5%), Mata Nativa (12,83%), Mata Nativa + Antrópico Rural + Vegetação Secundária + Silvicultura (43,81%), Antrópico Urbano/Área Urbana (39,85%) e ainda Antrópico Urbano/Áreas de expansão (3,01%). Precipitação média anual de 1337 mm, temperaturas máximas entre 10,5°C e 41,6°C e as mínimas entre 1,8°C e 26°C, Ventos fracos, eventualmente passam de 5 m/s. A realização da avaliação ambiental nesta microbacia é fundamental na gestão ambiental e territorial. No entanto, estas avaliações não ocorrem em todas as microbacias e, quando ocorrem, não apresentam a frequência adequada para permitir o monitoramento contínuo a fim de modelar e prever cenários objetivando a adoção de medidas de médio e longo prazo para a proteção ambiental.

History of water quality parameters - a study on the Sinos River/Brazil.

Water is increasingly becoming a valuable resource, constituting one of the central themes of environmental, economic and social discussions. The Sinos River, located in southern Brazil, is the main river from the Sinos River Basin, representing a source of drinking water supply for a highly populated region. Considering its size and importance, it becomes necessary to conduct a study to follow up the water quality of this river, which is considered by some experts as one of the most polluted rivers in Brazil. As for this study, its great importance lies in the historical analysis of indicators. In this sense, we sought to develop aspects related to the management of water resources by performing a historical analysis of the Water Quality Index (WQI) of the Sinos River, using statistical methods. With regard to the methodological procedures, it should be pointed out that this study performs a time analysis of monitoring data on parameters related to a punctual measurement that is variable in time, using statistical tools. The data used refer to analyses of the water quality of the Sinos River (WQI) from the State Environmental Protection Agency Henrique Luiz Roessler (Fundação Estadual de Proteção Ambiental Henrique Luiz Roessler, FEPAM) covering the period between 2000 and 2008, as well as to a theoretical analysis focusing on the management of water resources. The study of WQI and its parameters by statistical analysis has shown to be effective, ensuring its effectiveness as a tool for the management of water resources. The descriptive analysis of the WQI and its parameters showed that the water quality of the Sinos River is concerning low, which reaffirms that it is one of the most polluted rivers in Brazil. It should be highlighted that there was an overall difficulty in obtaining data with the appropriate periodicity, as well as a long complete series, which limited the conduction of statistical studies such as the present one.

Water quality assessment of the Sinos River, Southern Brazil.

The Sinos River basin is located Northeast of the state of Rio Grande do Sul (29º 20' to 30º 10' S and 50º 15' to 51º20'W), Southern Brazil, covering two geomorphologic provinces: the Southern plateau and central depression. It is part of the Guaíba basin and has an area of approximately 800 km², encompassing 32 municipalities. The objective of this study was to monitor water quality in the Sinos River, the largest river in this basin. Water samples were collected at four selected sites in the Sinos River, and the following parameters were analysed: pH, dissolved oxygen, biochemical oxygen demand (BOD5), turbidity, fecal coliforms, total dissolved solids, temperature, nitrate, nitrite, phosphorous, chromium, lead, aluminum, zinc, iron, and copper. The results were analysed based on Resolution No. 357/2005 of the Brazilian National Environmental Council (CONAMA) regarding regulatory limits for residues in water. A second analysis was performed based on a water quality index (WQI) used by the Sinos River Basin Management Committee (COMITESINOS). Poor water quality in the Sinos River presents a worrying scenario for the region, since this river is the main source of water supply for the urban core. Health conditions found in the Sinos River, mainly in its lower reaches, are worrying and a strong indicator of human activities on the basin.